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Dr. D.S. Merchant's Articles

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Ayat Al-Dhurriya According to the Koran: "God chose Adam and Noah and the family of Abraham and the family of Imran above all (His) creatures. Offspring, one from the other"(3:33-34). The word dhurriya means direct descendants, family or lineage. It occurs 32 times in the Koran in the context of the prophets, indicating that their mission was assigned to their direct descendants to carry on. Asma Al-Sifat The word sifa'a (pl. sifat) is not found in the Koran, but the verbal noun wasf does appear once in 6:139, and the imperfect of the first form of the verb occurs 13 times in the sense of "to ascribe or uphold a description or to attribute." God has made Himself known to mankind by His Most Beautiful Names (asma al-husna), and it is through these that the believers seek knowledge of God. The Koran says: "And Allah's are the most excellent names, therefore call on Him thereby, and leave alone those who violate the sanctity of His names" (7:180), and "Say: call upon God or call upon al-Rahman, by whichever Name you call, to Him belong the Most Beautiful Names" (17:110). Hence, calling on God by His excellent names merely means that only those high attributes should be ascribed to Him which befit His dignity. The particular attributes of God mentioned in the Koran are: Asbab Al-Nuzul The word sabab (pl. asbab) means reason or cause, and nuzul means revealed. The term marifah asbab al-nuzul is the knowledge about the reason of the revelation, i.e., knowledge about the particular event and circumstances that are related to the revelation of particular passage from the Koran. The Koran revealed piece by piece in the period of 22 years, 5 months and 24 days. The Muslim exegetes maintained that pieces of it were revealed in response to, or as reflections of, certain situations in the life of the Prophet. The Koran says, "And no question do they bring to you, but We reveal to you truth and the best explanation thereof" (25:33). Arab The word arab or arabah is probably derived from a Semitic root related to nomadism. In the Arabic language, the word arab (derived from i'rab), means those who speak clearly as contrast with ajam (those who speak indistinctly). In Koran, the word arab has never used for the country of Arabia, but characterized the residence of Ismael, the son of Abraham as an "uncultivated land." In the time of Ismael his place of residence had no name, therefore, it was given the name of an "uncultivated land." In the Old Testament, the word midbar is used for Ismael's home, meaning a desert or a barren land, which closely corresponds to the Koranic description. Prince Amyn Muhammad Prince Amyn Muhammad, the younger brother of the Present Imam was born on September 12, 1937 in Geneva. His mother Princess Tajudawla (d. April 26, 1997) was the daughter of Lord Churston and the 7th Duke of Leinslter, the descendant of King Edward III of Great Britain. The early days of his infancy with his elder brother, were spent in Europe under the care of his parents and the personal supervision of Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah. During the second world war, he with his brother, accompanied his mother to the trip of Nairobi, where they stayed for four year. He also participated in a large Eid prayer at Nairobi, where his elder brother led the prayers at the age of seven years. All India Muslim League "The year 1324/1906 marks the cleavage and culmination of Muslim politics in the subcontinent, when Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah led the Muslim delegation and met Lord Minto (1845-1914), the Viceroy of India from 1905, at Simla to demand the political rights of the Muslims of India. The deputation to the Viceroy consisted of the most influential leaders, such as Mohsin al-Mulk, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Sir Ali Imam, Sir Muzammallah Khan, Sir Rafiquddin Ahmad, Sir Muhammad Shafi, Sir Abdul Rahim, Sir Salimullah, Justice Shah Din, etc. Syed Razi Waste writes in Lord Minto and the Indian Nationalist Movement 1905-1910 (Lahore, 1976, pp. 69-70) that, "Minto received the Muslim Deputation on October 1, 1906. Thirty-five prominent Muslim leaders from all over India gathered in the Ball Room of the Viceregal Lodge at Simla. Their leader was a young man of twenty-nine years, H.H. Aga Sir Sultan Mohamed Shah Aga Khan from Bombay, who besides being the head of the rich Ismaili sect of Muslims had close and friendly relations with prominent British people." Lord Minto gave them a patient hearing, assuring that their political rights and interests as a community will be safeguarded in any administrative organization. The Imam realized that the Muslims should not keep themselves aloof from politics because the Congress was already proving incapable in representing the Indian Muslims. At length, the demands of separate electorate and weightage in number in representation to all elected bodies were accepted by the Viceroy Lord Minto, and incorporated in the Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909. Aligarh University "Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah made his debut as an educational reformer, and visited The Mohammadan Anglo Oriental College in Aligarh (high fort), about 79 miles south-east of Delhi, on November 22, 1896 and had a productive meeting with Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898), who was a great educationist and socialist. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan had founded the Aligarh College on November 1, 1875, and was the vice-President of the College Fund Committee as well as its Honorary Secretary. Willi Frischauer also writes in The Aga Khans (London, 1970, pp. 56-7) that, "How wonderful if Aligarh could become a full university to bring up a generation of young leaders and advance the cause of Islam. Here was a chance to follow in the footsteps of his ancestor who had founded al-Azhar, the first Muslim university, which greatly appealed to the young Aga Khan. He decided to put up money for the cause and persuaded wealthy friends to contribute. It was a long struggle but he missed no opportunity to plead for this cause and when Aligarh finally became a university two dozen years later, it was more to Muslims than a seat of learning. In retrospect it was recognized as the intellectual cradle of independent Pakistan and the Aga Khan's enthusiasm and support which made it possible earned him a place among Pakistan's founding fathers." Alamut "Alamut is a historical fortress of the Nizari Ismailis. Its location in mountainous terrain lies about 100 km. Northwest of Tehran, and situated in the high peak of Elburz mountain. Alburz generally was pronounced as Elburz, is the name given to great mountain range, dividing the high plateau of Iran from the low lands of Caspian Sea. The original Iranian word Alburz is derived from two Zand words, signifying the high mountain. The fortress of Alamut is 600 feet high, 450 feet long and 30 to 125 feet wide and is partly encompassed by the towering Elburz range. The rock of Alamut is known at present as Qal'ai Guzur Khan. First Microfinance Bank Ltd (FMFBL) The First Microfinance Bank Ltd (FMFBL) is the Pakistan's first private sector micro credit institution licensed by State Bank of Pakistan under the Microfinance Ordinance, 2001. The Ordinance defines that the FMFBL borrowers are those whose annual income is below the taxable limit. The Microfinance Institutions are allowed under this Ordinance to provide a whole range of services under one roof such as granting loans, generating deposits, providing remittance facilities and other related financial services. Ahl Al-Dhimma "According to Islamic law, the non-Muslims inhabited in the Islamic state were called ahlu dh-dhimmati (people of protection) or simply al-dhimma or dhimmis. They included the Christian, Jewish, Magian, Samaritan and Sabian. Ahl al-dhimma were prohibited in the Muslim state from holding public religious ceremonies, from raising their voices loudly when praying and even from ringing their church bells aloud. All schools agree that it is not allowed to build new churches, synagogues, convent, hermitage or cell in towns or cities of Dar al-Islam (Muslim lands). When these injunctions were disobeyed, the Muslim leaders were authorized to treat the offenders as dwellers in Dar al-Harb (non-Muslim lands) and not as ahl al-dhimma in Dar al-Islam (Muslim lands), vide Subh al-A'asha fi Sina'at at al-Insha (Cairo, 1922, 13: 356) by Qalaqashandi (d. 821/1418). Chiragh I Rawshan – An Ismaili Tradition In Central Asia The word chiragh is derived from the Syriac shrag or shragh, meaning lamp, and Chiragh-i Rawshan means shining or luminous lamp, which is one of the oldest surviving Ismaili traditions in the regions of the Central Asia. It is an assembly (majalis) of the believers, where a lamp is illumined, which is its hallmark, and the Koranic verses are chanted for the eternal peace of the departed soul, or for the prosperity of one who is alive. Ahl Al-Bayt "The word ahl al-bayt occurs twice in the Koran: "The mercy of God and His blessing are on you, O people of the house, ..." (11:73). This verse refers to the people of the house of Abraham (Kashf al-Asrar wa Uddat al-Abrar, 4:416), and to the house of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him): "God desires only to keep away the uncleanness from you, O people of the House! And to purify you a (thorough) purifying (33:33)". Aga Khan Museum Museums in the contemporary world have expanded their missions to become viable educational institutions, actively seeking to broaden their constituencies. Collections and exhibitions have become dynamic tools for instruction, debate and reflection, and for attracting large numbers to the cultural life of societies. They also act as catalysts for cultural exchange and communication, contributing to the development of civil society. It is with this perception of the new role of museums that The Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) has moved forward to include their establishment in its Education and Culture Programme. To this end, two museum projects were launched in 2003 with a mandate to oversee and co-ordinate the conceptualization, design, building and operation of the Aga Khan Museum in Toronto and the Indian Ocean Maritime Museum in Zanzibar. Aga Khan Health Services (AKHS) The Aga Khan Health Services (AKHS) is one of the most comprehensive non-profit health care systems in the developing world. Building on the Ismaili community's health care efforts during the first half of the century, AKHS now provides primary health care and curative medical care in India, Pakistan, Kenya, Tanzania and Syria. It includes five general hospitals, the Aga Khan University Hospital in Pakistan, six maternity homes and more than 230 health centers. Organized in national service companies in Kenya, Tanzania, India and Pakistan, these health facilities are also linked in internationally through network-wide strategies in human resource development, hospital management, nursing development and primary health care. Aga Khan Academy The first of a planned network of Aga Khan Academies dedicated to expanding access to education of an international standard of excellence in Asia and Africa was inaugurated in Mombasa, Kenya on December 20, 2003 in presence of the President of Kenya, Mr. Mwai Kibaki. The network of Academies will feature a curriculum based on the framework of the International Baccalaureate (IB). At the centre of this approach is a broad education in the humanities from pre-primary years through to higher secondary. The Academies will also feature a robust system of international student and teacher exchanges between Academies in different countries as well as with allied schools, including Phillips Academy in the United States and the Schule Schloss Salem in Germany. Proficiency in at least two languages, with English as the medium of instruction, and progressive mastery of information technologies will also be hallmarks of the programmes. To ensure access regardless of socio-economic status or other limiting factors, admission to the Academy is merit-based and means-blind. "An education must equip students with the tools that enable them to adapt, and thrive, in a world characterized by change," the Imam has said. "In such an environment, technical proficiency is not enough. Education that prepares children for life must go beyond fundamental skills to stimulate creativity, intellectual curiosity and honest inquiry. Advancement and development, both personal and societal, are dependant on these elements. Innovation and progress arise from the ability to approach a challenge in a new way and offer a solution." The Meaning of Aga Khan As is universally acknowledged, the conferment of a title is a mark of distinction recognizing performance, achievement, eminence and excellence. A title, be it civil or military, temporal or ecclesiastical, denotes a designation of class, stature and dignity. By the same token, all titles do have basic meanings and background in their conferment. We, the Ismailis associate ourselves deeply with the name or rather the title "Aga Khan" and we are so much used to being addressed by our beloved Imam as ‘Yours affectionately’ - ‘Aapke Pyare’ - ‘Shafqat ke Saath’ - ‘Tamaro Mamtarru’ Aga Khan that we seldom pause to think of how the title of ‘Aga Khan’ to our last four Imams came to be, or what it really means. Pir Abul Hasan Shah Pir Shihabuddin Shah (d. 1301/1884) married to Bibi Arus Khanum, who gave birth of a son, Abul Hasan Shah and six daughters, viz. Talah, Nushi, Turan Malek, Khadija, Tuman Malik and Zarin Taj. Upon the death of Pir Shihabuddin Shah, Imam Aga Ali Shah declared his infant son, Abul Hasan Shah as a next Pir. In this context, the farman follows: Abu Yaqub As-Sijistani "Abu Yaqub Ishaq bin Ahmad as-Sijistani, nicknamed "cotton-seed" (Iranian, panba-dana, Arabic khayshafuj) was born in 271/883 in Bandan, a district in north of Sijistan and was trained in Yamen. He was a great philosopher and scholar and considered to be one of the major Ismaili thinkers whose share in the development of the Ismaili system of thought is considerable. Paul E. Walker writes in Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani: Intellectual Missionary (London, 1996, p. 13) that, "Yet, from the prominence of his books and the profoundly impressive intellectual contribution they (Ismailis) represent, we discover a truly significant mind and voice - one that deserves recognition as an outstanding figure in the Ismaili past and as a major force in Islamic thought in general." 101 Ismaili Heroes Volume 1 This book represents the first known attempt to prepare a comprehensive and well-researched collection of biographies of one hundred and one eminent individuals who have helped to shape the Ismaili Community during the last two centuries. The table of contents, which lists the names of these individuals in alphabetical order, includes such giants as Alidina Visram, Laljibhai Devraj, Major Lakhpati, Fidai Khorassani. The author has also included many less well-known individuals, whose contributions have not been widely recognised, but are as important if not more so. These biographies are preceded by a foreword and preface. Abu Ali Sina "Abu Ali ibn Sina, Ibn Sina or Avicenna, known in the West as Prince of Physicians, was born in 370/980 in the village of Afshana near Bukhara. He was an encyclopeadist, philosopher, physiologist, physician, mathematician, astronomer, logician and poet. He gained the titles of Shaikh al-Ra'is (leader among the wise men) and Hujjat al-Haq (proof of God), displayed a remarkable aptitude for learning from an early age. His father Abdullah hailed from Balkh and was in the service of the Samanid court. During the rule of Nuh bin Mansur (366-387/976-997), Abdullah was posted to Bukhara as a revenue collector. Ibn Sina can be described a very gifted child prodigy and learnt the Koran at the age of 10 years, and also mastered the logic and mathematics. Next he embarked upon the fields of physics, metaphysics and medicine, and at the age of 16 years he was well steeped in all the sciences of his days. Abu Abdullah As-Shii "Abu Abdullah al-Shi'i was hailed from Kufa. He espoused Ismailism by the hand of da'i Firuz. Imam Radi Abdullah sent him to Ibn Hawshab in Yamen for further training in esoteric doctrines as well as affairs of the state, where he stayed for a year. Ibn Hawshab then sent him towards Maghrib. Abu Abdullah set out from Yamen in 279/892. He arrived in Mecca during pilgrimage, where he contacted the Katama pilgrims of Maghrib and exhorted them the merits of Ahl al-Bayt. The pilgrims were pleased to know that Abu Abdullah was heading towards Egypt, which was on their route to the Maghrib. After a short stay in Egypt, he reached Maghrib in the Katama homeland on 14th Rabi I, 280/June 3, 893. He established his base in Ikjan near Satif, a mountain stronghold, where he spent seven years in propagating the cause of Ahl al-Bayt among the Berber tribes. Very soon the tribesmen in the vicinity began to trek to Ikjan. Origin of Navroz and Ismailism Navroz is a Persian word, meaning new day of the year. The Arabs pronounced it as Niruz or Nairuz. The Sogdians called it Nau-Sard (the new year), and also is called Nishat Afroz Jashan in Iran. It is a spring festival, beginning with the first day of the Persian solar year, corresponding to the vernal equinox and the entry of the sun into the sign of Aries, and continued until the 6th day of the month. The last day was known as the Great New Year's Day (al-Niruz al-Akbar). Origin of Navroz and Ismailism Navroz is a Persian word, meaning new day of the year. The Arabs pronounced it as Niruz or Nairuz. The Sogdians called it Nau-Sard (the new year), and also is called Nishat Afroz Jashan in Iran. It is a spring festival, beginning with the first day of the Persian solar year, corresponding to the vernal equinox and the entry of the sun into the sign of Aries, and continued until the 6th day of the month. The last day was known as the Great New Year's Day (al-Niruz al-Akbar). Panhypopituitarism • Hypopituitarism can present with complete or partial deficiency of anterior and/or posterior pituitary hormones. • Panhypopituitarism refers to the situation in which more than 80% of the anterior pituitary is lost. Aetiology • neoplasms in the suprasellar region: – pituitary adenoma in adults – craniopharyngioma in children – glioma – meningioma – metastatic cancer Mother’s Day Gifts Guide Jewelry is a classic and traditional gift for mothers on Mother’s Day. Many young children’s gift ideas for their moms usually are hand-made bracelets, complete with colored plastic beads, cereal rings or macaroni noodles. But then as children grow up, edible jewelry is replaced by hand written letters of love, handprint cards and colored pages from a favorite coloring book. Mother’s Day Gift Collection Jewelry is a classic and traditional gift for mothers on Mother’s Day. Many young children’s gift ideas for their moms usually are hand-made bracelets, complete with colored plastic beads, cereal rings or macaroni noodles. But then as children grow up, edible jewelry is replaced by hand written letters of love, handprint cards and colored pages from a favorite coloring book. New Zealand Athletes Taking Deer Velvet at Olympics Carter, number 1 ranked triathlete in the world, has been taking New Zealand deer velvet for about two years now. He is convinced this dietary supplement adds to his own huge training efforts by assisting with his strength and endurance, and providing him faster recovery after training. Mother’s Day Gift Ideas Mothers are one of the most important people in a child’s life, what better way to celebrate Mother’s Day with sweet, love-filled gifts depending on the budget. Staying-home mothers look out for home durables so if your budget is high it is always a very good idea to gift them something like a microwave, cookery set, steam iron, vacuum cleaner or any other kitchen appliances. If your mother is a working woman than you can definitely gift her dress according to her taste it can be anything from casual wear to formal office wear or an official leather bag. If she is a pet lover than you can gift her pets like small puppies and cats. . Deer Velvet Boost to Strength and Recovery An Evening Out with Virginia Gift Store: Plan an evening out with your family and friends to a cinema or concert and purchase tickets to an upcoming big event. Like this you'll be able to spend time together and also give everyone a gift at one time. What is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common ailments of the bowel (intestines) and affects an estimated 15% of persons in the US. The term, irritable bowel, is not a particularly good one since it implies that the bowel is responding irritably to normal stimuli, and this may or may not be the case. The several names for IBS, including spastic colon, spastic colitis, and mucous colitis, attest to the difficulty of getting a descriptive handle on the ailment. Moreover, each of the other names is itself as problematic as the term IBS. Natural IBS Treatments Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic disorder characterized by recurrent abdominal pain and intermittent diarrhea, which often alternates with constipation. IBS most commonly affects people between the ages of 20 and 30 and is twice as common in women as in men. IBS is known by a variety of other terms: spastic colon, spastic colitis, mucous colitis, nervous diarrhea, nervous colon and nervous or functional bowel. Irritable Bowel Syndrome FAQ 1a: What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome?1b: What is the prevalence of IBS?1c: What factors contribute to the onset of IBS?1d: How long does IBS last?1e: What effect does IBS have on one's lifestyle?1f: Are my symptoms just "all in my head" or psychosomatic?1g: What factors contribute to health care utilization? Keep Your Shopping Simple with VA gift Store, Variety of Gift Products An Evening Out with Virginia Gift Store: Plan an evening out with your family and friends to a cinema or concert and purchase tickets to an upcoming big event. Like this you'll be able to spend time together and also give everyone a gift at one time. Tips to Buy Real Hoodia Gordonii There are many types of Hoodia plants, but only Hoodia Gordonii species have appetite-suppressing effects. The main point is to note that you should not buy the product with label “100% natural Hoodia.” Of course you are buying natural Hoodia but not the desired Hoodia Gordonii. • If you are buying Hoodia Gordonii online then you must see CITES certificate issued by International trade laws. Only then you can be confirmed that you are buying natural Hoodia Gordonii. Virginia Gemstone Jewelry - Virginia Gift Store Mostly semi-precious stone necklaces are very popular because women of all ages wear them. Young teenage boys also do wear them as a fashion statement. Women usually go for the gemstone jewelry according to their birthday or for popular gemstones like: • Aquamarine • Blue Topaz • Emerald • Opal • Garnet Reversible Jewelry - Virginia Gift Store Virginia Rings: In the rings section, casual promise rings are worn by committed couples. Engagement rings made of diamond and steel carry huge orders. As for fashion and casual wear by uncommitted boys and girls, gemstone rings are widely used. Pure Hoodia In a blend test, performed by ‘Phytopharm’, “400 mg per day” of Hoodia Gordonii powder, for 15 days, reduced the calorie intake by 1,000 calorie compared to the control group. Pills, Capsules, diet gum and tincture all followed. To avoid patent violation, many companies claim that their product is a food supplement, an aid for weight loss. Jewelery at Virginia Gift Store Mostly semi-precious stone necklaces are very popular because women of all ages wear them. Young teenage boys also do wear them as a fashion statement. Women usually go for the gemstone jewelry according to their birthday or for popular gemstones like: • Aquamarine • Blue Topaz • Emerald • Opal • Garnet Keep Your Christmas Shopping Simple with Virginia Gift Store Whether you're shopping ahead of time or doing some last-minute shopping for Christmas, you'll find some of our ideas helpful. Avoid the crowds, spend less money, and find gifts that everyone will really appreciate. Today almost every major retailer and specialty store has a website and offers online shopping. You can take care of all your shopping on one or two sites and find something for everyone. Books, plants, small appliances, toys, and clothing are easy to find. Be sure to confirm shipping times and options. If you need specific information about items, use the store's customer service department and call. Islam Is A Way of Life Islam is a religion that promotes thinking, spiritual faith. It is a religion that teaches compassion and tolerance and that upholds the dignity of man, Allah's noblest creation. One of the important characteristic of Islam is its openness that not only includes the concept regarding religious practices but it also includes the matters regarding daily life issues. Islam Is A Way of Life Islam is a religion that promotes thinking, spiritual faith. It is a religion that teaches compassion and tolerance and that upholds the dignity of man, Allah's noblest creation. One of the important characteristic of Islam is its openness that not only includes the concept regarding religious practices but it also includes the matters regarding daily life issues. Hoodia Side Effects According to the British Heart Foundation 17% of men and 21% of women are obese, while 46% of men and 32% of women are overweight. Brotherhood Key to Universal Peace These days His Highness prince karim Aga khan is also working die heartedly to promote peace; He is ambassador of peace and due to His efforts for enhancing good relations among East and West He received tolerance award in 2006. He always brings organizations from West to work with AKDN to promote quality of life of people of East, ultimately the relations among different kinds of people would increase and dislikes among people would diminish. Hoodia Safety Guidelines 60 MINUTES on CBS news featured Hoodia, reporting " Hoodia is very different from other diet stimulants like Ephedra and Phenfen that are now banned because of dangerous side effects. Hoodia does not stimulate the body. In fact, scientists say it fools the brain by making you think you're full, even if you've just eaten a morsel." Purpose of Acquiring Knowledge in Islam In today’s world acquiring knowledge is of great importance and if an individual wishes to progress in this world he must struggle to acquire knowledge as much as possible. Importance of acquiring knowledge is also being emphasized by Islam because Islam is the religion of knowledge. The first ayah of the Qur’an to be revealed is the key to knowledge. Allah (SWT) says: Hoodia review - Does hoodia work for weight loss? The South African scientists, working with a British company named Phytopharm, isolated the active ingredient in hoodia, a steroidal glycoside, which they named p57. After getting a patent in 1995, they licensed p57 to Phytopharm. Phytopharm has spent more than $20 million on hoodia research. Hoodia Liquid Extract Vs Hoodia Pill On the other hand, Hoodia in a liquid form can be absorbed almost immediately, and the majority of people will experience its effects in just a few minutes after swallowing it. Liquid Hoodia has a superior absorption rate as opposed to the pill/tablet while it can provide you with the same or better results than the pill or tablet even at a lower dosage. Ghadir-I Khum - Its Location The nass wa-ta’yin was made after the farewell pilgrimage of the Prophet. On Monday, the 20th Zilkada, 10, the Prophet received a revelation before his farewell pilgrimage:- "And you proclaim to the people for pilgrimage. They will come to you on foot and lean camel, coming from every remote place." (22:27) Ghadir-I Khum - Its Location The nass wa-ta’yin was made after the farewell pilgrimage of the Prophet. On Monday, the 20th Zilkada, 10, the Prophet received a revelation before his farewell pilgrimage:- "And you proclaim to the people for pilgrimage. They will come to you on foot and lean camel, coming from every remote place." (22:27) Lawful & Unlawful Food While the people were brought up in an environment deeply influenced by centuries’ old custom, religious superstitions and prejudices, it was not easy to break down the barriers, because their minds agitated by doubts, which could be, as they wanted, removed by further instructions. That is the reason that the Koran repeatedly made statement dealing with the various kinds of foods lawful or unlawful to Muslims. Thus, the second time a statement akin to the first one (6:145) was revealed: “So eat of what God has provided you, lawful and good; and be you thankful for the blessing of God, if it be Him that you serve. These things only He has forbidden you carrion, blood, and the flesh of swine, what has been hallowed to other than God. Yet whoso is constrained, not desiring nor transgressing, the God is Forgiving, Merciful. And do not say, as to what your tongue falsely describe, “this is lawful and this is forbidden,” so that you may forge against God falsehood, surely those who forge against God falsehood shall not prosper” (16:114-118). Legend Of Paradise In Alamut The most famous writers in Europe who produced a colourful tale of the Islamic garden of paradise were Pedro de Alfonso, San Pedro, Marino Sanudo, Varagine, Higden, Simon Simeon, Ricoldo da Monte Croce, William of Tripoli, John Mandeville, Jacques de Vitry, Alan of Lille, Sigebert, Guido, etc. In time, the European conceptions of the Islamic paradise, based on the Koranic description in a literal sense, were incorporated into the alleged paradise of Alamut, culminating in Marco Polo’s detailed account to this effect. Norman Daniel further writes, "It must be said that it was usual for Christians to allow themselves a rather purple rendering of the gardens and precious metals of paradise, though usually not of the virgins so beloved of later romanticism." (Ibid.) Hoodia Gordonii Helps you Lose Weight Hoodia gordonii looks like a cactus, but it's actually a succulent from the Kalahari Desert in southern Africa. Bushmen from the area have been using hoodia for centuries to help ward off hunger during long trips in the desert. Christmas Gift Giving People who are well-off generally buy gifts for family & friends but the holiday is not as commercial as it is American & European countries, because main emphasis is more on the religious part of celebrating the birth of Jesus Christ than gift giving. Usually & most importantly, Christians buy a new set of clothes to be worn to the church service. Majority of African Christians are too poor to be able to afford presents for their children & there aren't too many toy stores in rural Africa to shop at anyway. If gifts have to be exchanged in poorer communities they usually come in the form of school books, soap, cloth, candles and other practical goods. Hoodia Gordonii Cactus According to the British Heart Foundation 17% of men and 21% of women are obese, while 46% of men and 32% of women are overweight. Morbidity and Mortality Meeting In Gilgit she was being treated as a case of genital Tuberculosis without any objective genitourinary complaints or symptoms, She took ATT for 2 months and then stopped b/c of drug induced Acute Hepatitis. Christmas in America In an English tradition that survived in some parts of North America, Christmas revelers would dress in costume and progress from door to door to receive gifts of food and drink. Most holiday gifts were limited to small amounts of money and modest presents passed from the wealthy to the poor and from masters to their servants. Families almost never exchanged Christmas gifts among themselves. Sibak Al-Khayl (Horse Racing) In Islam Horse Racing (sibak al-khayl or ijra al-khayl) had been a major sport and a favorite pastime in pre-Islamic Arabia. It was a part of equitation (furusiyya), regarded as essential for military training and also as an object of entertainment for the people from all walks of life. During the Islamic period the breeding, maintenance and training of horses became one of the means of facilitating the prosecution of the holy war. The Prophet regarded horse-breeding as a meritorious calling, and assigned to it a share in the booty obtained on the battle field. This religious sanction fostered a competitive attitude amongst the breeders and encouraged the augmentation of the stock, which suffered considerable depletion in the course of the wars of that time. Cavalry was in fact to become an important factor in the military success of the Muslims. Christmas in Africa, Asia & North America In the United States and Canada, many elements of modern Christmas celebrations did not emerge until the 19th century. Before then Christmas had been an ordinary workday in many communities, particularly in New England, where early Puritan objections to Christmas celebrations remained highly influential. Among some groups, Christmas was an especially animated event, characterized by huge feasts, drunkenness, and raucous public partying. In an English tradition that survived in some parts of North America, Christmas revelers would dress in costume and progress from door to door to receive gifts of food and drink. Most holiday gifts were limited to small amounts of money and modest presents passed from the wealthy to the poor and from masters to their servants. Families almost never exchanged Christmas gifts among themselves. Clinical Presentation, Demographic And Pathological Pattern Of Primary Thyroid Carcinoma Discussion Thyroid carcinoma was more common in females. Papillary carcinoma was the most common histological type of thyroid carcinoma in females as well as in males. Thyroid carcinoma was more prevalent in third and fourth decades of life and it is more common in urdu speaking followed by sindhi, Punjabi and balochi and pushto speaking (Pathan) population. The most common presentation was the mass in anterior neck and weight loss and cervical lymphadenopathy, Tahddi Al-Nasl (Birth Control) In Islam The word au or al-aul in the above verse is used for everything, which burdens man. The word aul literally means "to do justice by grabbing what is in excess of one’s right." Thus the words zalika adna al la t’aoulu means "from this you will be saved from injustice" which has been also interpreted by Imam Shafi’i according to al-Azhari that "you may not have many children." It is well known among the Arabs that aala y’aoulu means to commit excess or injustice, while the word aala y’aeelu means "the abundance of offspring". But Kissai says that aala y’aoula means to become a pauper. The eloquent among the Arabs used the words aala y’aoulu encompassed by the meaning of many children, vide Lisan al-Arab, on the root of aul. Imam Shafi’i further maintains that the phrase "this will make justice on your part easier" (an la ta’ulu) implies a warning against the multiplicity of children. He explains the whole Koranic verse thus: "If you are afraid that the number of you family will be many, then limit yourself to one wife. This will banish multiplicity of children." This explanation of Imam Shafi’i is reported verbatim by Ibn Arabi in his Ahkam al-Koran (1:314) Hoodia Diet Supplement How does it function?Well, the Hoodia Diet Supplement has been shown to have some specific effects in the area of weight-loss. Still before running out to buy the latest Gordonii pill from your drug store, try to know certain things. Here are three groundbreaking ways Hoodia Gordonii helps you to lose your weight. Hoodia Diet Pills- An Excellent Weight Loss Pill According to Phytopharm, the company that holds the patent on the process to extract ?P57' an active ingredient from hoodia, human subjects taking hoodia roots reduced their calorie intake by as much as 2k calories a day. So figures are impressive, and so far the overall results are satisfactory. History of Hoodia Gordonii Does Phytopharm own the patent on the whole Hoodia Gordonii plant?This is an interesting question that we are sure will be decided in court one day. Here is our take on the situation - Phytopharm clearly owns the patent on the P57 molecule. If you want to try to make a diet drug with P57 you need to work through Phytopharm. Schools of Nursing Aga Khan University School of Nursing: Established in 1980, Aga Khan University School of Nursing (AKU-SON) was the first academic component of AKU and its Faculty of Health Sciences. The School offers several programs in nursing, including a three-year Diploma Program, Pakistan's first four year BScN and a two-year Post RN BScN, as well as the first Master of Science in Nursing (MScN) which started in October 2001. Four-year BScN and MScN are the only program of its kind in Pakistan. Since its commencement, AKU-SON has played a leading role in establishing an internationally acceptable model for nursing education and practice in Pakistan, and has trained 2,232 nurses NCLEX Introduction NCLEX Introduction: The NCLEX tests are required to receive professional licensure in the field of nursing and are created by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN). The NCLEX means National Council Licensure Examination. The NCLEX tests are designed to be one of the final hurdles in nursing career. Consequently, the questions focus on the ability of the candidate to make decisions in various patient care scenarios under critical conditions. The NCLEX test requires that the candidate understand the basic principles of nursing and apply this to different elements of patient safety management. The key NCLEX testing tips are stated as follows: 1. Assess, Assess, Assess: In almost all cases something can be done before contacting the MD. 2. Prioritize: Delegate to the appropriate support personal and prioritize your tasks. 3. Review Medical Terminology: Understand the definition of all medical abbreviations and terminology used in the NCLEX questions. Ziauddin Medical University Background: The School of Nursing was established in 1986 and received recognition by the Pakistan Nursing Council in the same year while the School of Midwifery was recognized in 1990. Programme Objective: The program is designed to produce competent nurses and midwives equipped with the necessary knowledge and skill to contribute to the improvement of health of individual(s) and family(s) in the hospital and community by applying the principles of nursing and primary health care. Students experienced clinical training in community and hospitals including Ziauddin Medical University hospitals. Academic Programs Offered: Diploma in General Nursing (3 years) Diploma in Midwifery (One Year (Post Basic) Diploma in General Nursing Program (18 months) Diploma in Pupil Midwifery (18 months) Nursing History During the World War, a significant development in nursing history arose when Florence Nightingale, working to improve conditions of soldiers in the Crimean War, laid the foundation stone of professional nursing with the principles. New Zealand was the first country to regulate nurses nationally, with the implementation of the Nurses Registration Act on the 12th of September, 1901. Ellen Dougherty was the first Registered Nurse. North Carolina was the first state in the United States to pass a nursing licensure law in 1903. Does Hoodia Gordonii Have Slide Effects? Remember that while using the Hoodia Pills method, you are not going on a diet; Hoodia simply decreases your appetite. You don't feel hungry and it keeps you healthy and energetic at the same time. A pure Gordonii has no stimulants and harmful side effects. Bonded Jewelers are difficult to find in many areas A huge advantage in purchasing a bonded diamond is that it has a buy back policy for the life of the diamond. No matter how long you have had the diamond, you can take it back to the bonded jeweler and sell it back to him, for a 100 percent refund. Bonded diamonds increase in value. Once you purchase a bonded diamond you are well protected in case of market fall, the value of diamonds will definitely collapse but you will get a refund against the bonded diamond. Bonded Jewelers are difficult to find in many areas A huge advantage in purchasing a bonded diamond is that it has a buy back policy for the life of the diamond. No matter how long you have had the diamond, you can take it back to the bonded jeweler and sell it back to him, for a 100 percent refund. Bonded diamonds increase in value. Once you purchase a bonded diamond you are well protected in case of market fall, the value of diamonds will definitely collapse but you will get a refund against the bonded diamond. Can Hoodia Slim You Down? Know The Facts About Hoodia:i) There are a variety of Hoodia plants. Only the Hoodia Gordonii class contains an active element that helps suppress your appetite. As the demand for Hoodia Gordonii is far surpassing the supply, some Hoodia sellers are using unreliable but advertising their products as Pure Hoodia even though it might have been made from a different Hoodia plant than the Hoodia Gordonii. Can Hoodia Gordonii Diet Pill help you lose weight? As with any weight loss product, your doctor should know what you are taking and how you plan to use Hoodia Gordoni in your life. Even though Gordonii Supplement is being depicted as the latest weight-loss wonder, do not let the propaganda get to you. Be realistic! And test the product to verify it's creditworthy. Designer Watches In the yesteryears when watches were just simply practical and boring purchases today it has changed completely to a stylish and fashionable purchasing commodity. Today every person buys watches which is suitable to go with the right clothes and Today there is a good growth of designer watches brands in the market. Brands such as Channel, Dior D&G, Emporio Armani have now been joined by Playboy, Miss Sixty and Marc Ecko. About the South African Hoodia Gordonii Cactus The South African Hoodia Gordonii Cactus is known by many names. It is called xshoba or xhooba by the San Bushmen who have used it to treat indigestion, minor skin infections and as an appetite and thirst suppressant during long hunts. The scientific name is Hoodia Gordonii. It is actually a succulent so the names Hoodia cactus and South African desert cactus are actually misnomers, but they are commonly used. The plant resembles a cactus when seen growing wild in the Kalahari Desert. Get acquainted jewelry with new Collections Since jewelry’s fashion often keeps changing. Designers want women wearing coldly-classical sets with diamonds or the most incredible combinations of gems. Naturally women should specify the need of jewelry and with what are you going to wear it. Determine the Shape of Jewellery Put delicate rings on the little finger one by one. Wearing some rings on the same finger looks cheap, even if one of the rings is a wedding ring. Usually rings are worn with large gems either on the middle finger or on the index finger like fantasy rings with one huge jewel or with a bunch of small gems. Women with thin fingers should avoid wearing rings with large gems. 60 Minutes Report on Hoodia Kruiper led 60 Minutes crews out into the desert. Stahl asked him if he ate hoodia. "I really like to eat them when the new rains have come," says Kruiper, speaking through the interpreter. "Then they're really quite delicious." Bonded Diamonds Bonded diamonds have a breakage policy. If the stone breaks or chips, the bonded jeweler will replace it with a new one only once because bonded diamonds are natural and unprocessed. Buy Jewelry only from respected shops Bonded diamonds have a breakage policy. If the stone breaks or chips, the bonded jeweler will replace it with a new one only once because bonded diamonds are natural and unprocessed. The Miracle of Green Tea Today, scientific research in both Asia and the west is providing hard evidence for the health benefits long associated with drinking green tea. For example, in 1994 the Journal of the National Cancer Institute published the results of an epidemiological study indicating that drinking green tea reduced the risk of esophageal cancer in Chinese men and women by nearly sixty percent. University of Purdue researchers recently concluded that a compound in green tea inhibits the growth of cancer cells. There is also research indicating that drinking green tea lowers total cholesterol levels, as well as improving the ratio of good (HDL) cholesterol to bad (LDL) cholesterol. Green Tea May Prevent Type 2 Diabetes In the United States, more than 20 million people suffer from diabetes -- about 7 percent of the population -- and about 19 million people in the European Union are so afflicted -- about 4 percent of the population. The cost of treating the disease is about $132 billion, according to the American Diabetes Association. Rules of Picking the Suitable Jewelry The most important thing in the process of buying is trying on. When choose a ring, put it on your finger, and feel how cold metal is warmed by the heat of your hands. Look at it, turn it, and admire it, Check if the shape suits you and other important detail is - feel the gem. It must stir up only pleasant emotions and joy, and nothing else. There should be no disharmony and hesitation, If it clicks then it’s really meant for you. Intrigue Jewellery Store The most important thing in the process of buying is trying on. When choose a ring, put it on your finger, and feel how cold metal is warmed by the heat of your hands. Look at it, turn it, and admire it, Check if the shape suits you and other important detail is - feel the gem. It must stir up only pleasant emotions and joy, and nothing else. There should be no disharmony and hesitation, If it clicks then it’s really meant for you. Intrigue Jewellery Store The most important thing in the process of buying is trying on. When choose a ring, put it on your finger, and feel how cold metal is warmed by the heat of your hands. Look at it, turn it, and admire it, Check if the shape suits you and other important detail is - feel the gem. It must stir up only pleasant emotions and joy, and nothing else. There should be no disharmony and hesitation, If it clicks then it’s really meant for you. Green Tea Increases Metabolism There are two ways to lose weight -- either reduce energy intake, or increase energy expenditure. Because hypothyroidism -- even after treatment -- may reduce energy expenditure in some people, patients naturally are looking for options that can help safely help raise the metabolism. Keep Your Christmas Shopping Simple Statistics show that the most difficult Christmas shopping is done for men. Traditionally, Christmas gifts for men are very hard to buy, regardless of who purchases them, Christmas gifts for men always become last minute ticket items that tend to occur at last minute! And in that last minute, the most popular Christmas presents for men would definitely be a tie, a belt or a sweater because those are the gifts that will never fail. The Clinical Approach to Acid-Base Disorders Methods to Interconvert pH and [H+]:The 0.1 pH Change Rule: PH Conversion Factor [H+] nmol/L 6.90 100 / 0.8 125 7.00 100 100 7.10 100 X 0.8 80 7.20 100 X 0.8 X 0.8 64 Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Data Collection: • Questionnaire data were collected by trained interviewers who gathered information on race/ethnicity, medical history, socioeconomic status, use of medication, and smoking history. • Participants were also asked whether they had taken any of the following pain medications in the last month and, if so, how often they had used each: aspirin (including Anacin, Bufferin, Ecotrin, Ascriptin, or Midol), acetaminophen (including Tylenol, Anacin-3), and ibuprofen (including Advil, Nuprin, Medipren). Pulmonary Function Testing Pulmonary Function Issues Related to Measured Values: • Overinflation of Lungs – Emphysema - COPD - Permanently – Asthma - Acutely • ? RV + Ratio RV/TLC • FEV1/ FVC ratio falls below 80% - Also flow rates fall – With age (lungs less compliant) – Falls with obstructive diseases; e.g. asthma/bronchitis • Asthma - obstructive disease ? increased collapsing force of large airways – obstruction to expiratory flow ? lung volume – bronchodilators may return flow to normal • Early COPD - characterized by irreversible ? in small airway resistance that reduces expiratory flow – not very responsive to dilators • Severe COPD - ? small & large airway resist – severe flow limitations – bronchodilators ? little help – chronic bronchitis and emphysema • Emphysema - loss of elastic recoil ? ? small airway collapse during expiration, thereby ? resistance – Max Expiratory Flow ? – Bronchodilators have no effect – ? FRC + TLC Hyponatremia by eHealthGuide.info Hyponatremia: Plasma Na < 135meq /L • Almost always due to •ADH Secretion • Appropriate • Inappropriat • One Exception: Primary Polydipsia • supression of ADH Secretion BUT still overwhelms kidney’s diluting ability • Free water retention & Hyponatremia Epidemiology of Hyponatremia: Hyponatremia is among the most common electrolyte disorders encountered in clinical medicine, with an incidence of 0.97% and a prevalence of 2.48% in hospitalized adult patients when plasma [Na+ ] concentration below 130 mEq/L is the diagnostic criterion. Clinical Manifestations: • < 125 mEq/l • • Malaise - Muscle cramps • Nausea, Vomiting, Headache • Hypotension – Tachycardia • < 110 mEq/L • • Confusion, convulsions, coma Guillain Barre Syndrome Me score on the Glasgow Outcome Scale at eight weeks (a score of 5, indicating a favorable outcome, vs. a score of 1 to 4, indicating an unfavorable outcome). • The mortality rate among adults with acute bacterial meningitis and the frequency of neurologic sequelae among those who survive are high, especially among patients with pneumococcal meningitis. Guillain Barre Syndrome Me score on the Glasgow Outcome Scale at eight weeks (a score of 5, indicating a favorable outcome, vs. a score of 1 to 4, indicating an unfavorable outcome). • The mortality rate among adults with acute bacterial meningitis and the frequency of neurologic sequelae among those who survive are high, especially among patients with pneumococcal meningitis. Drug Resistance In Tuberculosis Inadequate Prescribing Practice: • In 1995 25% of new cases of TB were initially treated with 2-3 drugs regimen • 2 Surveys by AKUH among GP & Interns • Once resistance develops, prescribing errors, usually by inexperienced physicians can exacerbate situation. • Review of patients referred to National Jewish Hospital (Denver) for management of complex MDR-TB documented an average of 3.93 prescribing errors per patient. Dexamethasone in Adults with Bacterial Meningitis Methods: • a prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial of adjuvant treatment with dexamethasone, as compared with placebo, in adults with acute bacterial meningitis. • Dexamethasone (10 mg) or placebo was administered 15 to 20 minutes before or with the first dose of antibiotic and was given every 6 hours for four days. • The primary outcome measure was the score on the Glasgow Outcome Scale at eight weeks (a score of 5, indicating a favorable outcome, vs. a score of 1 to 4, indicating an unfavorable outcome). • The mortality rate among adults with acute bacterial meningitis and the frequency of neurologic sequelae among those who survive are high, especially among patients with pneumococcal meningitis. Common Bleeding Disorders Hemophilia in Pakistan: • A relatively young country, with an ancient past, Pakistan achieved independence from Britain on August 14, 1947, after its bloody partition from India. • Pakistan's health care system has crumbled: public hospitals are in appalling condition, even basic treatment unavailable for many common disorders. • Private hospitals-modern and fully equipped-foster the only available research, and provide the most advanced and comprehensive care for people with hemophilia, but are extremely expensive and beyond the reach of most. • No infrastructure currently exists to provide public and free care to people with this lifelong bleeding disorder. • Of the estimated 12,000 people with hemophilia in Pakistan, only 3,100 have been identified. • Until early 1980, hemophilia was not even known to exist within the country, and only a few patients were alive. In 1982 the first blood bank was formed. • Currently only five major cities-Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Peshawar Multan, Faisalabad and Quetta-now have facilities to provide plasma or cryo. • And treatment at its best in Pakistan is still primitive by Western standards. Virally inactivated high or intermediate purity factor concentrates are available only to the minority elite, who are wealthy enough to pay out of pocket. But the majority of patients, the poor, receive plasma or cryo. They most often receive inferior plasma, which is not always screened for HBV, HCV and HIV. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. COPD A disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. Airflow limitation is usually both progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases. Symptoms, functional abnormalities, and complications of COPD can all be explained on the basis of this underlying inflammation and the resulting pathology. COPD - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease History: SOB Productive cough Recurrent acute chest illnesses Exerbation – cold air, foggy weather, atmospheric pollution etc Smoking: Previous episodes Details of previous admissions Current treatment Chronic Gastric Diseases Overview: Gastric Causes of Chronic Vomiting - Chronic gastritis – Lymphocytic/plasmacytic – Eosinophilic – Associated with GHLOs – Parasitic – Reflux gastritis - Gastric foreign body - Gastric ulceration - Gastric motility disorders - Gastric neoplasia Chronic Gastric Diseases Overview: Gastric Causes of Chronic Vomiting - Chronic gastritis – Lymphocytic/plasmacytic – Eosinophilic – Associated with GHLOs – Parasitic – Reflux gastritis - Gastric foreign body - Gastric ulceration - Gastric motility disorders - Gastric neoplasia Bronchiectasis The bronchiectatic cavities may be lined by granulation tissue, squamous epithelium or normal ciliated epithelium. There may also be inflammatory changes in the deeper layers of the bronchial wall and hypertrophy of the bronchial arteries. Chronic inflammatory and fibrotic changes are usually found in the surrounding lung tissue.
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